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The Afshar Operation was a military operation by Ahmad Shah Massoud and Burhanuddin Rabbani's Islamic State of Afghanistan government forces and Abdul Rasul Sayyaf's Ittehad-i Islami forces against Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-i Islami and Abdul Ali Mazari's Hezb-e Wahdat militias in the densely populated Afshar district in west Kabul. The Iran-backed Hezb-e Wahdat together with the Pakistani-backed Hezb-i Islami of Hekmatyar had been shelling densely populated areas in northern Kabul from their positions in Afshar, killing thousands. To counter the shelling, Islamic State forces attacked Afshar in order to capture the positions of Wahdat, capture Wahdat's leader Abdul Ali Mazari and to consolidate parts of the city controlled by the government. At the time the Ittihad-i Islami para-military party of Abdul Rasul Sayyaf was allied to the Rabbani government. The operation became an urban war zone and escalated into the Afshar massacre when Abdul Rasul Sayyaf's Sunni Wahhabi Ittihad committed "repeated human butchery" turning against the Shi'ite Muslims.〔 Reports emerged that Sayyaf's Wahhabist forces backed by Saudi Arabia rampaged through Afshar, murdering, raping and burning homes. Both the Hezb-e Wahdat and the Ittihad-i Islami had been involved in systematic abduction campaigns against civilians of the "opposite side", a pattern Ittihad continued in Afshar. Besides Ittihad commanders, two of the nine Islamic State commanders on the ground, Anwar Dangar (who later defected to the Taliban) and Mullah Izzat, were also named as leading troops that carried out abuses. Reports describe looting, arrests of about 700 Iranian agents (Pasdaran) supporting Wahdat and indiscriminate shelling by Abdul Sayyaf´s men. In one instance fleeing civilians in the streets were hit by fire from Jamiat soldiers. At the same time it was reported that in another incidence Jamiat troops carried a wounded Afshar civilian to safety and that some commanders on the ground tried to stop abuses from taking place. The Islamic State's Defense Minister Ahmad Shah Massoud ordered an immediate halt to the crimes on the second day of the operation, but especially looting and the destruction of houses continued to take place for a second day. Massoud then appointed a Shi'ite commander to ensure the safety of the Shi'ite civilian population in Afshar. He also ordered the withdrawal of all offensive troops and persuaded Sayyaf to do the same. The Islamic State government in collaboration with the then enemy militia of Hezb-e Wahdat as well as in cooperation with Afshar civilians established a commission to investigate the crimes that had taken place in Afshar. The commission paid ransoms for approximately 80 to 200 people held by several Ittihad commanders. But 700-750 people abducted by Ittihad during the campaign were never returned, and were presumably killed or died in captivity."〔 The same commission received information that many women were abducted during the operation, but said that few families would report it. Ittihad leader Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, who has been enjoying complete immunity, is currently serving his second term as a member of Afghanistan's national parliament. ==Background and Objectives== On April 26, the mujahedin leaders announced a new peace and power-sharing agreement, the Peshawar Accords.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url = http://www.hrw.org/en/node/11668/section/4 )〕 During the period discussed in this article, the sovereignty of Afghanistan was vested formally in "The Islamic State of Afghanistan," an entity created in April 1992, after the fall of the Soviet-backed Najibullah government through the Peshawar Accords.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url =http://www.hrw.org/en/node/11668/section/3 )〕 The legitimate representatives of the government were President Burhanuddin Rabbani and minister of defense Ahmad Shah Massoud.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url =http://www.hrw.org/en/node/11668/section/3 )〕 With the exception of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-i Islami which to a very large extent was controlled by the regime in Pakistan, all parties were ostensibly unified under this government in 1993.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url =http://www.hrw.org/en/node/11668/section/3 )〕 Hekmatyar shelled Kabul with tens of thousands of rockets in 1992 to gain power for himself.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url = http://www.hrw.org/en/node/11668/section/4 )〕 Gulbuddin Hekmatyar repeatedly was offered the position of prime minister but he did not want to share power. After several at first successful but then failed attempts of mediation by Ahmad Shah Massoud 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANuw_YwK7kc )〕 a brutal war broke out between the Saudi-backed Ittihad-e-Islami of Abdul Rasul Sayyaf and the Hezb-i Wahdat of Abdul Ali Mazari. According to Human Rights Watch numerous Iranian agents were assisting Wahdat forces, as Iran was attempting to maximize Wahdat's military power and influence in the new government.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url =http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2005/07/06/blood-stained-hands )〕 Saudi agents, private or governmental, were trying to strengthen Sayyaf and his Ittihad faction to the same end.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url =http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2005/07/06/blood-stained-hands )〕 Rare ceasefires, usually negotiated by representatives of Massoud, Mujaddidi or Rabbani, or officials from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), commonly collapsed within days.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url =http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2005/07/06/blood-stained-hands )〕 In December 1992 Abdul Ali Mazari's Wahdat entered in an alliance with Gulbuddin Hekmatyar.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url =http://www.hrw.org/en/node/11668/section/3 )〕 With his newly created alliance with Hezb-i Wahdat, Hekmatyar increased his rockets and shell attacks on the city.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url = http://www.hrw.org/en/node/11668/section/4 )〕 Human Rights Watch concludes: The Afghanistan Justice Project gives the following objectives for the military operation: Ahmad Shah Massoud did not want crimes to take place during the operation. A journalist from the Associated Press and the Economist who was present in Kabul and Afshar during that time reports: 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Afshar Operation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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